diff --git a/backend/app/workers/llm_processor.py b/backend/app/workers/llm_processor.py
index 2974a66..e16f97e 100644
--- a/backend/app/workers/llm_processor.py
+++ b/backend/app/workers/llm_processor.py
@@ -203,6 +203,37 @@ def backfill_brief_labels(self):
 
     db = get_sync_db()
     try:
+        # Step 1: Bulk auto-label quoteless unlabeled points as "inference" via raw SQL.
+        # This runs before any ORM objects are loaded so the session identity map cannot
+        # interfere with the commit (the classic "ORM flush overwrites raw UPDATE" trap).
+        _BULK_AUTO_LABEL = """
+            UPDATE bill_briefs SET {col} = (
+                SELECT jsonb_agg(
+                    CASE
+                        WHEN jsonb_typeof(p) = 'object'
+                         AND (p->>'label') IS NULL
+                         AND (p->>'quote') IS NULL
+                        THEN p || '{{"label":"inference"}}'
+                        ELSE p
+                    END
+                )
+                FROM jsonb_array_elements({col}) AS p
+            )
+            WHERE {col} IS NOT NULL AND EXISTS (
+                SELECT 1 FROM jsonb_array_elements({col}) AS p
+                WHERE jsonb_typeof(p) = 'object'
+                  AND (p->>'label') IS NULL
+                  AND (p->>'quote') IS NULL
+            )
+        """
+        auto_rows = 0
+        for col in ("key_points", "risks"):
+            result = db.execute(text(_BULK_AUTO_LABEL.format(col=col)))
+            auto_rows += result.rowcount
+        db.commit()
+        logger.info(f"backfill_brief_labels: bulk auto-labeled {auto_rows} rows (quoteless → inference)")
+
+        # Step 2: Find briefs that still have unlabeled points (must have quotes → need LLM).
         unlabeled_ids = db.execute(text("""
             SELECT id FROM bill_briefs
             WHERE (
@@ -235,11 +266,11 @@ def backfill_brief_labels(self):
                 skipped += 1
                 continue
 
-            # Collect all unlabeled cited points across both fields
+            # Only points with a quote can be LLM-classified as cited_fact vs inference
             to_classify: list[tuple[str, int, dict]] = []
             for field_name in ("key_points", "risks"):
                 for i, p in enumerate(getattr(brief, field_name) or []):
-                    if isinstance(p, dict) and p.get("label") is None:
+                    if isinstance(p, dict) and p.get("label") is None and p.get("quote"):
                         to_classify.append((field_name, i, p))
 
             if not to_classify:
@@ -289,10 +320,10 @@ def backfill_brief_labels(self):
             time.sleep(0.2)
 
         logger.info(
-            f"backfill_brief_labels: {total} briefs found, "
+            f"backfill_brief_labels: {total} briefs needing LLM, "
             f"{updated} updated, {skipped} skipped"
         )
-        return {"total": total, "updated": updated, "skipped": skipped}
+        return {"auto_labeled_rows": auto_rows, "total_llm": total, "updated": updated, "skipped": skipped}
     finally:
         db.close()